Hardware protection of inline cryptographic processor

ABSTRACT

A real time, on-the-fly data encryption system is operable to encrypt and decrypt data flow between a secure processor and an unsecure external memory systen. Multiple memory segments are supported, each with its own separate encryption capability, or no encryption at all. Data integrity is ensured by hardware protection from code attempting to access data across memory segment boundaries. Protection is also provided against dictionary attacks by monitoring multiple access attempts to the same memory location.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The technical field of this invention is data encryption.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Many emerging applications require physical security as well as conventional security against software attacks. For example, in Digital Rights Management (DRM), the owner of a computer system may be motivated to break the system security to make illegal copies of protected digital content.

Similarly, mobile agent applications require that sensitive electronic transactions be performed on untrusted hosts. The hosts may be under the control of an adversary who is financially motivated to break the system and alter the behavior of a mobile agent. Therefore, physical security is essential for enabling many applications in the Internet era.

Conventional approaches to build physically secure systems are based on building processing systems containing processor and memory elements in a private and tamper-proof environment that is typically implemented using active intrusion detectors. Providing high-grade tamper resistance can be quite expensive. Moreover, the applications of these systems are limited to performing a small number of security critical operations because system computation power is limited by the components that can be enclosed in a small tamper-proof package. In addition, these processors are not flexible, e.g., their memory or I/O subsystems cannot be upgraded easily.

Just requiring tamper-resistance for a single processor chip would significantly enhance the amount of secure computing power, making possible applications with heavier computation requirements. Secure processors have been recently proposed, where only a single processor chip is trusted and the operations of all other components including off-chip memory are verified by the processor.

To enable single-chip secure processors, two main primitives, which prevent an attacker from tampering with the off-chip untrusted memory, have to be developed: memory integrity verification and encryption. Integrity verification checks if an adversary changes a running program's state. If any corruption is detected, then the processor aborts the tasks that were tampered with to avoid producing incorrect results. Encryption ensures the privacy of data stored in the off-chip memory.

To be worthwhile, the verification and encryption schemes must not impose too great a performance penalty on the computation.

Given off-chip memory integrity verification, secure processors can provide tamper-evident (TE) environments where software processes can run in an authenticated environment, such that any physical tampering or software tampering by an adversary is guaranteed to be detected. TE environments enable applications such as certified execution and commercial grid computing, where computation power can be sold with the guarantee of a compute environment that processes data correctly. The performance overhead of the TE processing largely depends on the performance of the integrity verification.

With both integrity verification and encryption, secure processors can provide private and authenticated tamper resistant (PTR) environments where, additionally, an adversary is unable to obtain any information about software and data within the environment by tampering with, or otherwise observing, system operation. PTR environments can enable Trusted Third-Party computation, secure mobile agents, and Digital Rights Management (DRM) applications.

ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS Acronym Definition OTFA_EMIF On-The-Fly External Memory Interface MAC Message Authentication Code GCM Galois/Counter Mode CCM CBC-MAC + CTR GHASH Galois HASH CBC-MAC AES cipher-block chaining Message Authentication Code AES Advanced Encryption Standard CTR AES counter mode ECB AES electronic codebook mode CBC AES cipher-block chaining mode

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An on-the-fly encryption engine is operable to encrypt data being written to a multi segment external memory, and is also operable to decrypt data being read from encrypted segments of the external memory. The on-the-fly encryption engine intercepts memory operations attempting to access data across memory segments to insure memory integrity. Dictionary attacks are inhibited by monitoring and interrupting attempts to access the same memory locations multiple times.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other aspects of this invention are illustrated in the drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a high-level flow chart of the AES encryption standard,

FIG. 3 shows a high-level block diagram of the on-the-fly encryption system, and

FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of AES mode 0 processing,

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of AES mode 1 processing.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 shows the high-level architecture of this invention. Block 101 is the on-the-fly encryption engine positioned between processor busses 103 and 104, and is connected to external memory interface 106 via bus 105. Configuration data is loaded into configuration register 102 via bus 103, and unencrypted data is written/read to block 101 via bus 104. Encrypted data is communicated to/from the External Memory Interface 106 via bus 105. External memory 107 is connected to and is controlled by External Memory Interface 106. External memory 107 may comprise multiple memory segments. These segments may be unencrypted or encrypted, and the segments may be encrypted with distinct and different encryption keys.

While there is no restriction on the method of encryption employed, the implementation described here is based on the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES).

AES is a block cipher with a block length of 128 bits. Three different key lengths are allowed by the standard: 128, 192 or 256 bits. Encryption consists of 10 rounds of processing for 128 bit keys, 12 rounds for 192 bit keys and 14 rounds for 256 bit keys.

Each round of processing includes one single-byte based substitution step, a row-wise permutation step, a column-wise mixing step, and the addition of the round key. The order in which these four steps are executed is different for encryption and decryption.

The round keys are generated by an expansion of the key into a key schedule consisting of 44 4-byte words.

FIG. 2 shows the overall structure of AES using 128 bit keys. The round keys are generated in key scheduler 210. During encryption, 128 bit plain text block 201 is provided to block 202 where the first round key is added to plaintext block 201. The output of block 202 is provided to block 203 where the first round is computed, followed by rounds 2 through round 10 in block 204. The output of block 204 is the resultant 128 bit cipher text block 205.

During decryption the 128 bit cipher text block 206 is provided to block 207, where it is added to the last round key—the round key used by round 10 during encryption. This operation is followed by computing rounds 1 through 10 using the appropriate round keys in reverse order than their use during encryption. The output of block 208, round 10, is the 128 bit plain text block 209.

FIG. 3 is a high-level block diagram of the on-the-fly encryption/decryption function. Plaintext to be encrypted during memory write operations is provided on data bus 305, with decrypted plaintext output on the same bus 305 during memory reads. Configuration data is provided on bus 306. Encrypted data bus 307 interfaces to the external memory controller.

Configuration data is input from bus 306 to the configuration block 301. AES core block 302 contains 12 AES cores and 6 GMAC cores which perform the cryptographic work.

This block performs the appropriate AES/GMAC/CBC-MAC operation defined by the scheduler.

Half of the AES and GMAC cores are assigned to RD (read) path and the other half to the WRT (write) path.

Since GMAC cores operate twice as fast as the AES cores, half as many are required.

The AES operations have 2 modes of operations called AES CTR and ECB+.

AES CTR is optimized for write once and read <n> times per unique Key update.

ECB+ is optimized for write <n> and read <n> times per unique Key update.

Command Buffer Block 303 tracks and stores all active transactions by accepting new transactions submitted on the data bus 305. Command Buffer Block 303 tracks the External Memory Interface (EMIF) responses to the submitted commands to the EMIF. With this information OTFA_EMIF has the ability to determine which command is associated with the EMIF response. This is required to determine which command and address are associated with the read data the EMIF is presenting.

Scheduler block 304 is the main control block which controls:

-   -   Data path routing     -   AES/MAC operations     -   Read/Modify/write operations

Data path routing is simple routing of the data sources for the AES operations. There are 2 possible data sources, the input write data and EMIF read data. Read data is required for read transactions or write transactions that require an internal read modify write operation.

The scheduler block 304 will issue an internal Read Modify Write operation during the following conditions:

-   -   During ECB+ write operation when any of the byte enables are not         active for each 16 Byte transfer, and     -   During write operation when MAC is enabled and the block being         written is not a complete 32 Byte transfer.

The scheduler block 304 will issue a modified Read command when accessing a MAC enabled region when the Read command is not a multiple of 32 Bytes. These operations are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 System Transaction Action Write using On this first detection of a missing byte enable, ECB+ mode and OTFA will nullify all byte enables for the not all 16 complete transaction, mask the EMIF response, Bytes are issue a Read command to build the complete enabled block, then create a new write data block and issue a new write command. The response of this new command will cause a response of the original write command. Write using Same as above MAC modes and not all 32 Bytes are enabled Read using MAC The Read operation is extended to align to modes and size 32 Bytes. is not in The system response will appear to be the multiples of 32 Bytes original size.

During encryption, the scheduler 304 will first determine if the write address is in a Crypto Region. If not, then the scheduler bypasses the Crypto Cores.

If the write address is a hit for Crypto operation, the scheduler 304 determines the type of operation based on the Encryption mode and Authentication mode for that region.

The scheduler 304 will then schedule the required Crypto tasks for the Crypto Cores to implement the determined type of operation including the HASH calculation.

The scheduler 304 checks to see if a read/modify/write is required, then schedules an appropriate command.

During decryption the scheduler 304 will first determine if the read address is in a Crypto Region. If not, then the scheduler 304 bypasses the Crypto Cores.

If the read address is a hit for Crypto operation, the scheduler determines the type of operation based on the Encryption mode and Authentication mode for that region.

Based on this information, the scheduler 304 will determine if it can start an early Crypto operation before the command is sent to the memory and before the read data is returned by the memory. This early operation enables high performance since the Crypto operation is started before the read data is sent back.

Also, the scheduler 304 will check the HASH CACHE to determine if the determined type of operation is a HIT. If the determined type of operation is a MISS, then the scheduler 304 will issue a HASH read before the read command is sent.

When the RD_DATA is sent back to bus 305, a Scoreboard is used to determine which command it was associated with. This allows out of order commands to the external memory and out of order read data from the memory.

Once the read data arrives, the data will get sent to the Crypto Cores for processing.

For some types of Crypto Operations, a Speculative Read Crypto operation can start when the Read command is sent to the Memory System. The result of this operation is stored in a Speculative Read Crypto Cache which enables an out of order response from the Memory System.

The Crypto Cores are a set of cores which can get used by encryption or decryption operations. The interface is simple, similar to a FIFO with backpressure. If read traffic is 50% and write traffic is 50%, then the allocation can be balanced. If write traffic is higher, more Crypto Cores may be allocated to the write traffic.

This can get done by a static allocation, such as a 60% to 40% split. It can get done by a dynamic allocation to adapt to the current traffic patterns. This will insure the maximum utilization of the Crypto Cores.

The region checking function will verify that a command will not cross memory regions. If regions are crossed the command will be blocked. For WR DATA the region checking function will null all byte enables. For RD DATA the region checking function will force zero on all DATA. A secure Error event is sent to the kernel. This prevents bad or malicious code from corrupting a secure area or getting access to a secure area.

The dictionary checker function will verify that the command is not doing a Dictionary attack by accessing the same memory location multiple times. If the command violates these rules, the dictionary checking function will block the WR command from issuing a Crypto Operation and will null all byte enables. A secure Error event is sent to the kernel. This prevents bad or malicious code from determining the Crypto Keys used making the brute force attack the only possible method to break the encryption.

AES block 302 requires the following inputs:

-   -   Address of data word from the command or calculated for a burst         command,     -   AES mode along with the Key size, Key and Initialization Vector         (IV), and     -   Read or Write transaction type.

The AES operation produces an encrypted or decrypted data word.

The MAC operation produces a MAC for Read and Write operations.

Table 2 defines the possible combinations of Encryption modes and Authentication modes. A total of 9 combinations are allowed. Note GCM is AES-CTR+GMAC and CCM is AES-CTR+CBC-MAC.

TABLE 2 Encryption modes Authentication modes Disable AES-CTR AES-ECB+ Disable Supported Supported Supported GMAC Supported Supported Not CBC-MAC Supported Not Supported Not Supported Supported

FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of this invention performing a first mode of the Advanced Encryption Standard, designed AES mode 0. The inputs to AES core 403 are the Input data 401 generated by scheduler 304 and the encryption/decryption key 402. The output of AES core 403 and the EMIF read data during decryption or the bus write data during encryption (EMIFRdData/OCPWrtData 404) is combined by Exclusive Or block 405. The output of 405 is either cipher text during encryption, or plain text during decryption (PT/CT 406). AES mode 0 does not require a Read Modify Write operation.

FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of this invention performing a first mode of the Advanced Encryption Standard designated AES mode 1. 501 read data from the EMIF during decryption or write data from the bus during encryption is combined in XOR block 503 with the data 502 generated by scheduler 304. The output of the XOR block 503 is input to AES core 505, together with the encryption or decryption key 504. Output 506 of the AES core 505 is plain text during decryption, or cipher text during encryption. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A data encryption system comprising: an encryption engine including a plurality of encryption cores, each configured to perform at least one of multiple types of cryptographic operations, including an encryption operation, a decryption operation, and a message authentication function; an external memory interface configured to write encrypted data received from one or more of the plurality of encryption cores to an external memory, and further configured to provide encrypted data received from the external memory to one or more of the plurality encryption cores; a command buffer configured to track active transactions of the data encryption system and to track responses by the external memory interface to commands submitted thereto; and a scheduler configured to determine that a command specifies one of the multiple types of cryptographic operations based on a mode of a region of the external memory to which an address of the command specifies.
 2. The data encryption system of claim 1, further comprising the external memory, the external memory including a plurality of regions including a first memory region and a second memory region, wherein the encryption engine is further configured to identify a memory access command that attempts to cross from the first memory region to the second memory region.
 3. The data encryption system of claim 2, wherein, when the encryption engine identifies the memory access command, the encryption engine is further configured to inhibit execution of the identified memory write access command so that write data corresponding to the identified memory write access command is prevented from being written to any location in the external memory.
 4. The data encryption system of claim 3, wherein, when the encryption engine identifies the memory access command, the encryption engine is further configured to generate an error condition.
 5. The data encryption system of claim 2, wherein the encryption engine is further configured to perform a dictionary checker function to: identify whether any memory read access command issued to the external memory interface is one of multiple accesses to the same memory location.
 6. The data encryption system of claim 5, wherein, in performing the dictionary checker function, the encryption engine is further configured to: inhibit execution of the identified memory read access command to prevent malicious code from accessing a secure area of the external memory, when the memory read access command is identified as being one of multiple accesses to the same memory location.
 7. The data encryption system of claim 3, wherein the execution of the identified memory write access command is inhibited by forcing all write byte enables to a null value.
 8. The data encryption system of claim 6, wherein, in performing the dictionary checker function, the encryption engine is further configured to inhibit the execution of the identified memory read access command by forcing all read data to zero.
 9. A computing system comprising: an encryption engine including a plurality of encryption cores, each configured to perform at least one of multiple types of cryptographic operations, including an encryption operation, a decryption operation, and a message authentication function; an external memory including a plurality of regions including a first memory region and a second memory region; an external memory interface coupled to the external memory and configured to write encrypted data received from one or more of the plurality of encryption cores to the external memory, and further configured to provide encrypted data received from the external memory to one or more of the plurality encryption cores; a command buffer configured to track active transactions of the data encryption system and to track responses by the external memory interface to commands submitted thereto; and a scheduler configured to determine that a command specifies one of the multiple 3 types of cryptographic operations based on a mode of a region of the external memory to which an address of the command specifies.
 10. The computing system of claim 9, wherein the encryption engine is further configured to identify a memory access command that attempts to cross from the first memory region to the second memory region.
 11. The computing system of claim 10, wherein, when the encryption engine identifies the memory access command, the encryption engine is further configured to inhibit execution of the identified memory write access command so that write data corresponding to the identified memory write access command is prevented from being written to any location in the external memory.
 12. The computing system of claim 11, wherein, when the encryption engine identifies the memory access command, the encryption engine is further configured to generate an error condition.
 13. The computing system of claim 10, wherein the encryption engine is further configured to perform a dictionary checker function to: identify whether any memory read access command issued to the external memory interface is one of multiple accesses to the same memory location.
 14. The computing system of claim 13, wherein, in performing the dictionary checker function, the encryption engine is further configured ⁴to: inhibit execution of the identified memory read access command to prevent malicious code from accessing a secure area of the external memory, when the memory read access command is identified as being one of multiple accesses to the same memory location.
 15. The computing system of claim 10, wherein the execution of the identified memory write access command is inhibited by forcing all write byte enables to a null value.
 16. The computing system of claim 13, wherein, in performing the dictionary checker function, the encryption engine is further configured to inhibit the execution of the identified memory read access command by forcing all read data to zero. 